Causal Inference

Effects of interventions from data

• Potential Outcomes

  Effects as comparisons of outcomes under different treatments

• Causal Graphs

  Encoding causal assumptions as directed graphs

• Identification

  When causal effects can be computed from observed data

• Estimation under Ignorability

  Estimating effects by adjusting for observed covariates

• Instrumental Variables

  Identifying effects through variation that affects only the treatment

• Quasi-Experimental Designs

  Identification from the structure of observational data

• Mediation and Time-Varying Treatments

  Effects through intermediate variables and over time

• Heterogeneous Effects and Sensitivity

  Effects that vary across units and robustness to unmeasured confounding

• Causal Discovery

  Learning causal graphs from data